Corporate Governance on the Capital Investment Decision

Corporate Governance on the Capital Investment Decision ABSTRACT This paper investigates the factors that determine the sensitivity of the investment-cash flow relationship. The Q model assumption is used to relate the investment opportunities available to the managers with its liquidity constraints due to asymmetric information and managerial discretion of internally sourced free cash flow. The result purports that there is a positive relationship between the degree of the Investment-Cash flow relationship and Q, found in low or no dividend paying firms. It is evident that the results are in support of Myers Maljuf (Myers Maljuf, 1984) pecking order theory of the investment-cash flow relationship. Introduction Overview Through various studies over the years, different scholars and financial analysts have been able to establish a relationship of cash flow on firms investment spending. It was significantly proven by (Modigliani Miller, 1958) that a firms financial status is irrelevant for real investment decisions in a world of perfect and complete capital markets, after controlling for the cost of capital. In case of managerial discretion, based on (Jensen, 1986) free cash flow theory, firms increase investment (including projects with negative present value) based on the availability of cash flows with incentive of increasing firms value beyond level of optimal investment. Moreover, an agency costs also appreciate the borrower net worth by charging a premium on the external financing. The discussion above explains that the firms investment decisions are dependent on the availability of internal funds, as cost advantage over external fund is evident. While choosing an appropriate capital structure, there are certain trade-offs which affects the decision. These trade-offs include tax advantage through acquiring debt against the bankruptcy cost which advocates the use of equity. Keeping this in view, various different models have been supported to explain this corporate capital structure behavior. Pecking Order Theory, initially mitigated by (Donaldson, 1961) describes the financing practice as prioritizing the means of financing, which is necessary for the management to counter against asymmetric information. Either they should generate the funds internally or acquire funds externally through debt rather than equity. Implications to the pecking order theory involves the positive impact of leveraging on the market price, which means, financing through debt sends a positive signal into the market about the firms future prospects. Furthermore, intermediaries also undermine the role of management as the financial intermediaries such as investment banks function as the insider to the firm. Consequently, keeping an eye on the firms operations and influencing the firms capital financing decision. However, Pecking order theory of (Myers Maljuf, 1984) argues that the firms operating in imperfect or incomplete capital markets where the cost of external capital exceeds that of internal funds, the financial structure may be appropriate to the investment decisions of companies facing uncertain prospects. Gauging the level of corporate investment in any firm is based on the corporate governance; market position of a firms asset against its book value can be termed as Tobins q ratio. Identified by (Chung Pruitt, 1994), Tobins q as proportion of firms market value to replacement cost of its assets. Tobins q can be considered an effective tool for determining financial performance as the data can be collected readily from a balance sheet. When calculating Tobins q ratio, the replacement cost can be determined approximately by the book value of firms plant and equipment. Approximate q can be replaced with the actual Tobins q to make the calculations unproblematic and data can be readily available without any discrepancies. Problem Statement To study the impact of corporate governance on the capital investment decision through cash flow and Tobins q interaction in relation with Capital Investment HypothesEs H0: Firms cash flow having a significant impact on its capital investment will be linked with high Q values. (FCF Theory) HA: Firms being liquidity constrained due to least payout will have significant investment-cash flow sensitivity, and will be linked with high Q values in the market. (PO Theory) Outline of the study The report contains the contemplation of research data that will study the phenomenon of cash flows and investment discussed earlier in this paragraph. The study categorizes firms according to characteristics (such as dividend payout, size) which will help measure the level of constraints faced by firms. The study will help readers to understand the complexities of Pecking order theory and Free Cash Flows concept with regard to asymmetric information available and corporate governance which influences decision of the firms. To measure the effect that cash flow-financed (internally sourced) capital spending and Q has on firms investment, Ordinary Least Square Regression model will be used to estimate the function. To compute the influence on the Investment, instruments used are: (1) Cash Flow, (2) Approximate q, and (3) an interaction of both variables are created. Through studying the parameter estimates of interaction variable, positive influence on investment will support the Pecking Order hypothesis and negative influence will govern the Free Cash Flow hypothesis. The equation hypothesized in the next part is linear. Definitions Pecking Order Theory: (Myers Maljuf, 1984): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A firm is said to follow a pecking order if it prefers internal to external financing and debt to equity if external financing is used.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Free Cash Flow Theory According to (Jensen, 1986), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“free cash flow theory, high cash flow and low debt create agency costs associated with conflicts between manager and share holder over the payout of this free cash, which is the cash left after the firm has invested in all available positive net present value projects.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Capital Structure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A careful and systematic analysis of how claims against a corporations assets can or should be determined, assessed, and accounted for.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Riahi-Belkaoui, 1999) Capital Investment Decision à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Capital Investment decisions are those decisions that involve current outlay in return for a stream of benefit in future years.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Drury, 2006) Tobins q à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Tobins q is a measure of investors expectations concerning a firms future profit potential. It is defined as the ratio of the market value of a firm to the replacement cost of its assets.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Strecker, 2009) Literature Review Vogt (Vogt, 1994) explained the capital spending behavior of companies with respect to change in dividend cash paid, cash flows, sales, and market value of assets. The regression equation models the variables to proportion of fixed assets, and distributes the firms data in segments of Dividend Payout Groups and Asset Groups. Primarily, Dividend Cash has a strong negative impact on capital spending; it explains that in order to finance additional fixed investment firm needs to sock cash by reducing their dividend. Cash flow, Sales, and Q Ratio having a positive coefficient demonstrates that with an increase in future cash flows, the firm will improve its capital spending. A relationship has been developed between the firms investment decision and the firms financial status by Cleary (Cleary, 1999), financial status has been studied with respect to the liquidity constraints. The data is classified into groups through a discriminant analysis on basis of dividend payout policy. Groups taken into study have made possible to identify firms which are more financially constrained more likely to be investment-cash flow sensitive, furthermore, availability of internal sources of funds have a greater impact on firms with high credit worthiness, and vice versa. It has been proposed that the various ownership structures make managerial decision based on the interaction between investment and the firms liquidity constraints. The study conducted by Dedoussis Papadaki (Dedoussis Papadaki, 2010) mentioned that the management can be held separate from its ownership, even on basis of the nationality of the company. On the other hand, it also explained that the relative shareholding of CEO and the controlling shareholders can also be the basis of separation. The sample used in the study was separated and grouped on basis of dividend payout, asset size of the firm, age of the firm, source of control, and kind of ownership. On the given sampling criterion; greater asset size firms, older firms, lower Q (high investment opportunity), and high dividend payout firms showed higher cash flow sensitivity towards investment. Findings support that the Low Q, small, and new firms under the generalized model are facing asymmetric information problems. Indeed these firms are expected a priori to face financing problems that affect the cost of their external financing. On the other hand, low Q, old and low dividend firms are more likely to face managerial discretion problems that result to over-investment. The impact of Tobins Q is mainly used to determine the investment opportunity of the firm. In this article, marginal Tobins Q has been taken to evaluate the firms investment and Research Development expenditures. The asymmetric information (AI) hypothesis proposed that firms provided with a profitable investment-project may not be able to source it through internal cash flows and the high financial cost of borrowing funds externally due to lack of awareness of firms investment opportunity in the capital market. On the other hand, agency or managerial discretion (MD) hypothesis constructs the investment-cash flow relationship on the assumption that managers are well qualified in context with proficiency they obtain from managing a huge and fast paced firm and thus exceeding the wealth shareholders beyond their expectations. (Gugler, Mueller, Yurtoglu, 2004) Taking in viewpoint the impact of capital structure on the capital investment decision, firms investment demands is the more susceptible towards cost-of-capital or tax-based capital incentive. Whereas, capital structure seems irrelevant as against internal sources of funds can be effectively substituted with sources of funds generated externally. The size of the investment project can be a deterministic factor towards it. Fazzari, Hubbard, Peterson, Blinder, Poterba (Fazzari, Hubbard, Peterson, Blinder, Poterba, 1988) explicates that cash flow/investment relationship is more sensitive when taken in reference with firms dividend behavior. Comparison based on firms having more or less liquidity constraints can be further improved when compared on a division based on the scale of the firms, i.e. young or small firms versus large ones. This way the researchers can address the problem of firms lacking the asymmetric information. Under the impression where capital investments decisions mainly pertains to the capital structure or choosing the appropriate source of investment, Schaller (Schaller, 1993) conducted three different empirical tests to determine that information asymmetries have a huge influence on the firms investment behavior. Differences among the informational base of investors and creditors was also considered a capital market imperfection. Ownership status and age of the firms has an impact on the cost of equity financing, mature firms pay comparatively less price for it than young firms. Same aspect goes for the firms with concentrated with comparison to dispersed ownership. Borrowing is considered a more rational source for investment-projects. Pledgeable assets generate greater borrowing capacity, which afterwards makes firms invest more in pledgeable assets. As suggested by Almeida Campello (Almeida Campello, 2007), such a phenomenon can be termed as a credit multiplier. In case of financially constrained firms, a multiplier relates to the sensitivity of firms investment-cash flow relationship that is reflected as the increase in the tangible assets of the firm. Therefore, it is proposed that with fewer tangible assets firms are more likely to be financially constrained. The sensitivity of investment-cash flow relationship is evidently influenced by the tangibility of a firm, as latter discussed. Managers while making capital investment decision considers externally-sourced funds costlier, therefore, overconfident managers over assessing the profitability of an investment-project invests more when having abundant internal funds to utilize. However, deciding not to source externally in case where they are short of internal funds to generate. There has been an evidence of significant relationship between the managerial discretion and investment-cash flow sensitivity. Equity concentrated firms are more likely to be influenced by overconfident managers, unless compensation tools can be used to reduce the effects of managerial overconfidence. (Malmendier Tate, 2005) Goyal Yamada (Goyal Yamada, 2004) have explained the impact of asset pricing in the stock market against investment-cash flow sensitivity. Overvalued stock prices triggers an increased in investment spending and are cut back when stock are being undervalued, consequently, inflated prices collateral assets attract higher level of external financing. Inflationary pressures primarily determined by the economic monetary policy impacts on the variation of cost on external financing, though it reflects highly on cost of external financing, marginally impacts less on the investment-cash flow sensitivity. It has been observable that less financially constrained firms have significantly higher investment-cash flow sensitivity. Characterizations of firms based on financial constraint can sometimes create confusion. Firms having unusually high cash holdings can either be characterized as unconstrained based on the opportunities it has to invest or constrained based on the assumption that it needs to have a precautionary savings to invest in future investment projects. Therefore, financial constraints cannot be used as an influential determinant for investment-cash flow sensitivity. (Kaplan Zingales, 1997) Hu Schiantrlli (Hu Schiantarelli, 1998) put into picture the effect of general economic factors and various firms characteristics on the value of the firms net worth. Mainly financial status is the most important determinant for the level of asymmetric information problem that managers face. A strong balance sheet position can reflect good sign of firms performance which enhances the market value of the firms asset to its stake holders, mainly investors and creditors. Q models assumption also assists in determining the sensitivity of the investment-cash flow relationship, where the indicators determine the investment opportunity and the sources of funds to choose from. Understanding the market influence in proxy of q can also give a clear picture to the movements in the firms investment over a period. Net worth of firms helps manager determine if the sourcing of funds externally is a viable option in contrast to the investment opportunity which underlies. (Hubbard, 1998) Research conducted on the investment-cash flow sensitivity addresses many aspects of the firms financial strength. Further study by Calomiris Hubbard (Calomiris Hubbard, 1995) shows that when firms tax taken under investigation also reflected a significant influence on the volume of spending on investment-projects. They explored the impact of surtax margin, as a tax experiment, on the cost of internal and external funds. Surtax when levied on undistributed profits, obligate the firms to incur certain cost on the internal funds. This effects the managers decision to invest and is also reflected on the investment-cash flow sensitivity against the surtax margin. As a result to evade burden of higher cost on internal funds, firms with high surtax-margin exhibits elevated sensitivity in investment-cash flow relationship. Quan (Quan, 2002) discusses the Pecking Order theory with reference to the Modigliana-Miller proposition that works under the assumption of perfect market. Here it is stated that value of the firm is irrelevant and based on a few limitations the choice of financing can be determined via gauging the strength of the firm. These factors pertain to the imperfect market and influence the managers to make their capital investment decision. Once the assumptions are released the financing structure shows a clear picture. The association between Free Cash Flow theory and Agency theory has always been under the limelight when there is a question of retaining the undistributed profits. FCF Theory taken under consideration gives out an option to the management to hold on to excess cash sacrificing the shareholders opportunity cost. These excess funds can be generated to better internal operational efficiency or at managers discrepancy to source its investment-projects. (Wang, 2010) Research Methods The chapter explains the model used in the given research study. The study focuses on analyzing the influence of Cash Flows and Tobins q on Corporate Investment. The equation represented by a dependent variable as a ratio of capital spending to the beginning net fixed asset (I/K) predicted by independent variables: (1) ratio of cash flow to the beginning gross fixed asset (CF/K), and (2) beginning Tobins q (Q). Method of Data Collection Main source of collecting the required data is from secondary sources. It includes the Balance Sheet Analysis of Joint Stock Company listed in Karachi Stock Exchange provided by State Bank of Pakistan consisting of data of our relevant variables. The data was taken in annual terms to conduct this research. Sampling Technique The Convenience sampling or grab or opportunity sampling would be use in this research. Sample population selected because it is readily available and convenient. Sample Size The sample period taken under study covers 8-years period beginning at the start of 2000 and ending at the close of 2008. The data was taken from a sample of 70 (non-banking and non-financial) companies which are listed on Karachi Stock Exchange and included in KSE-100 index. Research Model Statistical technique Ordinary Least Square Regression technique is used to study the impact of variables included in the study. It helps studies the relationship between a dependent variable and several independent variable. It also assumes the relationship to be linear or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“straight line,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? where the values of predictors lies directly proportional to Criterion variable. SPSS Software is used to develop the regression model and evaluate the influence of predictors on dependent variable. Results Findings and interpretation of results Aggregate Sample: Table : Represents the model summary of regression estimates for the full sample of 69 firms The predictors, i.e. main effects of Cash Flow and Tobins q and an interaction variable of both combined, included in the model explains 78.5% of Investment (Table 1) shown mentioned as R Square. Least variation in Adjusted R Square suggests that the variable to observation ratio in the given model is sufficient. Casewise diagnostic was also conducted to eliminate the outliers in the data to improve the results. Table : Studies the F-statistics to test whether the model predicts the dependent variable significantly The F-statistics (Table 2) is significant and it determines the regression model with the given predictors can significantly predict the outcomes at a 0.05 significance level. Table : The parameter estimation for full sample of 69 firms with respect to dependent variable, t-statistics is used to test the null hypothesis ÃŽÂ ²1 = ÃŽÂ ²2 = ÃŽÂ ²3 = 0 The coefficient values of all predators included in the test are significant at a 0.05 significant level (Table 3), which shows that they have a strong influence on the investment of the firm. The standard coefficient shows that Cash Flows have a much greater impact on Investment than market value on the firm, which is exemplified through Tobins q. Dividend Payout groups: Table : Presents the sample statistics for 69 KSE listed (non-banking and non-financial) companies which are included in the KSE-100 index. The three rows distribute the statistics into High, Medium, and Low payout policies. Average dividend-to-income ratios of greater than 0.35, between 0.35 and 0.10, and less than 0.10 define High, Low, and Medium dividend-payout firms, respectively. While studying the dividend-payout groups (Table 4), the descriptive helps to identify characteristics to confirm whether the data being studied has the authenticity and the behavior pattern which commonly related to the groups assigned. The values of Investment, Cash Flow, and Tobins q associated with the groups are in complete correspondence with the hypothetical occurrence. Firms having a higher (lower) dividend payout have greater (lower) market value, and lower(higher) level of cash flows and investments. Table : Represents the model summary of regression estimates of 69 firms split by High, Medium, and Low dividend-payout policies. The model helps explains 81.9%, 66.7%, and 80% data in High, Medium, and Low dividend-payout firms (Table 5), shown in R Square. Least variation in Adjusted R Square suggests that the number of observations is sufficient with respect to variables in each group separately. Table : Studies the F-statistics to test the null hypothesis of ÃŽÂ ²1, H = ÃŽÂ ²1, M = ÃŽÂ ²1, L The F-statistics (Table 6) in each dividend payout group is significant and it determines that each regression model with the given predictors can significantly predict the outcomes at a 0.05 significance level. Table : Shows the parameter estimation for each payout groups with respect to dependent variable, t-statistics is used to test the null hypothesis ÃŽÂ ²1 = ÃŽÂ ²2 = ÃŽÂ ²3 = 0 The coefficient values of predators in High and Low dividend payout groups are all significant at a 0.05 significant level (Table 7), which shows that they have a strong influence on the investment of the firm. Except for Medium dividend payout group, which has insignificant coefficient values of Tobins q, showing no impact on the investment. The standard coefficient shows that Cash Flows have a much greater impact on Investment than market value on the firm, which is exemplified through Tobins q. Hypothesis Assessment Summary Hypothesis Independent Variables B t Sig. Comments Firms cash flow having a significant impact on its capital investment will be linked with high Q values. (FCF Theory) Cash Flow ÃÆ'— Q H0: ÃŽÂ ²3 ÃŽÂ ²3,H = .135 5.295 .000 Rejected ÃŽÂ ² 3,M = .072 .991 .324 ÃŽÂ ² 3,L = .140 5.482 .000 Firms being liquidity constrained due to least payout will have significant investment-cash flow sensitivity, and will be linked with high Q values in the market. (PO Theory) Cash Flow ÃÆ'— Q HA: ÃŽÂ ²3 >0 ÃŽÂ ² 3,H = .135 5.295 .000 Accepted ÃŽÂ ² 3,M = .072 .991 .324 ÃŽÂ ² 3,L = .140 5.482 .000 Dependent Variable: Investment (I/K) Table : Summarizes the results and explains that the hypothesis accepted is directly in correspondence with the aggregate hypothesis. As illustrated (Table 8) capital spending of low payout firms is positively and strongly influenced by the interaction term, consistent with the PO hypothesis, the parameter estimate for the high payout firms are also positive but marginally significant. Conclusion, Discussions, Implications And Future Research Conclusion The results illustrated above demonstrates that the positive relationship between the degree of the Investment-Cash flow relationship and Q represented latter in the aggregate data (Table 3) is concentrated in low or no dividend paying firms. This finding is in further support with the PO hypothesis. Discussions The objective was to study and test the causes of universal relationship between Cash Flow and Investment Spending. Hence, two hypotheses were included in the research to study the source of this relationship: the free cash flow hypothesis (FCF) hypothesis, which works on the assumption that managers prefer investing its free cash flow excessively into investment projects that are not profitable, and the pecking order hypothesis (PO) purports that managers are prone to investment comparatively less than the opportunity provided due asymmetric information-induced liquidity constraint. As advocated in favor of Pecking Order Theory by (Fazzari, Hubbard, Peterson, Blinder, Poterba, 1988) and many others, for groups which consists of small firms with low-dividend payout to fund capital spending, exhibits heavy reliance on cash flow and cash changes. The relationship can be more significantly studied when the impact of larger q value is associated with this group. Evaluating the impact of corporate governance on investment-cash flow relation requires a critical judgment as to how do the firms cash flow and the existing market value influence the investment decision. Financially constraint firms may have a larger impact on liquidity associated matters and managers might take discretion in choosing the right sources to tap. Agency cost may be involved in making such a decision where managers may consider paying dividend as a higher opportunity cost as it reduces the firms free cash flow to exploit new profitable investment projects. Implications and Recommendations In the current market situation where external pressures existing can also be taken into proxy. When managers making a capital investment decision they need to take in view other non-financial aspects that also influences the decisions to a certain extent. Furthermore, financial intermediaries having a certain level of involvement and sharing information sensitive to the market can also be a major factor that might be giving a varying result against Investment. Investing in profitable-investment projects can bring in greater resources to the firm in future and it entails a huge decision burden upon the shoulders of the managers. Shareholders expecting to earn a greater return through investing in them can also be undermined when manager decided to have a low payout policy. Funds generated internally is a possibility where there is a healthy cash flow, but it is also preferable if this free cash is invested into marketable security for allocating the resources into a profitable venture for a time being to make it a positive impression. Future Research In future studies there may be more aspects of cash flow-investment relationship which can be studied for assessing the degree impact it has on this relationship, i.e. sales, debt performance, capital structure, firm size, etc. The research study may also be improved if the observation of firms are increased that will in turn reflect a more clear picture about the relationship in the current scenario.

Energy Audit at the Kolej Mawar in the UiTM Shah Alam

Abstraction The proposal presents a item undertaking of energy audit at the Kolej Mawar in the UiTM Shah Alam. The chief intent of this proposal to analyze on the energy ingestion in that edifice and to develop the GUI, so that user can cipher informations from the power analyzer equipment. Based on this information, the burden form and energy form ingestion at each edifice can be analysed and to give recommendation to cut down the energy ingestion, waste energy and to increase the energy efficiency of the edifice. Chapter1 IntroductionIntroductionAs twelvemonth 2020 attacks, Malaysia, a underdeveloped state, sees the demand of energy as a viral component to assist it to accomplish the mark of twelvemonth 2020, which is developed state. As it is, about half of the energy ingestion in the state is in industrial, residential and commercial sectors [ 1 ] . Universiti Teknologi Mara ( UiTM ) Shah Alam is one of the university directed by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia ( MOHE ) to set up the program of green Technology [ 2 ] . Green Technology is the development and application of merchandise, equipment and system used to conserve the natural environment and resources, to minimise and cut down the negative impact of human activities [ 3 ] . Energy efficiency is a plan that brings great salvaging with proper planning and implemented right. The top direction should be informed about the current degree of operating efficiency, extra economy potencies and resources needed to accomplish it [ 4 ] . Therefore, the cooperation of top direction is lightly appreciated. Energy audit is a procedure to pull off the electrical energy ingestion efficaciously and to increase the energy efficiency. The energy audit discussed in this undertaking will be merely focused in the Kolej Mawar UiTM Shah Alam edifice. These edifice has a capacity of 3450 college pupils and began operations in May 2002 with the first consumption of pupils on semester Jun-Nov 2002. The College has four blocks of residential edifices viz. Block 1A – 5 degree, Block 1B – 5 degree, Block 2A – 8 degrees and block 2B – 10 degrees. College disposal edifice is located in the center of the Block 1A and 2A. These edifice is located near the entryway 2 UiTM and Health Center and next to the Kolej Melati. The intent of the four blocks in this edifice is house the female pupils. These edifice is non merely considered as pupil adjustment but serves as a topographic point of acquisition and pupil Centre. Besides that, for the college disposal constructing the intent to pull off the pupil and their activities. In these disposal edifice is accommodates 10 staff and operate during office hr fro m 8.00am to 5.00pm. Figure 1 shows the location of Kolej Mawar in UiTM Shah Alam. Figure 1: Location of Kolej Mawar.PROBLEM STATEMENTUiTM Shah Alam has spent about RM20, 819,758 electricity measure annually as in 2013. The measure ingestion comes from all colleges, installations, enrollment office, chancellery office, dining hall, athleticss Centre and street illuming about in UiTM Shah Alam. The high electricity measure cause from the use chilling system, illuming and equipment is used non suited for the supply energy at that edifice. The 2nd factor that can do the high electricity measure, is found that at the hair-raiser system. That is because, unsatisfactory current public presentation, operation and scheduling the centralized air- conditioning system. From the observations that have been done, it found that the some of the colleges in UiTM Shah Alam has non used electrical energy expeditiously. It is suspected that the Kolej Mawar one of the cause contribute the extremely measure public-service corporations compare to the other colleges by the old informations gathered. By do the walk-through audit, it found that in Kolej Mawar most of staff and pupils tend to go forth their electricity contraptions in status switch on. Students normally leave the suites with the lamp and fan switch-on status. Most of the staff leave their room with the air-conditioner with switch-on place. This bad wont can do blowing energy and increase in the monthly measure public-service corporations. Besides that, in this edifice the electrical energy has non been managed decently. For illustration, the lamps at the corridor colleges have been light on the daytime. Actually the lamp have been switch on to illume up the certain lamp at left side. However, because of the wiring have been set to illume all lamp with one switch when the switch is turn on. This deficient wiring can do the waste energy use in this edifice.AimTo analyze the energy use, burden profile and the energy efficiency of the chosen edifice.To analyze informations collected and develop Ocular BASIC ( VB ) package and to cipher the energy use of a edifice.To find the energy salvaging chances.Scope OF WORKThis undertaking is more focussed on analyzing the energy ingestions by package ocular BASIC ( VB ) , GUI to make the computation from the existent information. This energy audit, is conducted to seek chances to better the energy efficiency of the edifice in UiTM Shah Alam peculiarly Kolej Mawar. By the bettering the energy efficiency, the energy ingestions can be reduced and besides can extinguish the waste energy. Besides that, this undertaking besides focus to propose cost-efficient steps to better the efficiency of energy usage and appraisal of execution costs and payback periods for each recommended action. This undertaking can be divided in two stages:Phase 1 ( FYP 1 )Carry out overall energy audit for Kolej Mawar UiTM Shah Alam.Collect informations by walk-through audit the edifice and place the type of burden in that edifice.Analysis of energy use and burden profile from the natural information ( Flukes Analyser 435 and 1750 ) .2.Phase 2 ( FYP 2 )Develop the package plan to cipher the energy use and burden profile by utilizing Ocular Basic ( VB ) , GUI.Determining the energy salvaging chances and to propose the recommendation to the direction.Chapter2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1Introduction Based on research by Mohd Azrin [ 5 ] , the electrical energy at their FKE disposal block UTEM has non hold been managed decently. He found out that the anteroom lamps have been light on the daytime and the lamp and the air conditioners of certain room have been switched on although the room is empty. Such go oning gave rise to waste of the electrical energy. He suggested that, to increase the energy efficiency at FKE UTEM disposal is by exchanging on a few lamps near the entryway would be sufficient during dark clip. â€Å"Energy Audit in Block 3 in S & A ; T Tower towards Energy Efficiency in UiTM Shah Alam† [ 6 ] was carried out last twelvemonth. This Building can be divided into 3 blocks and 2 towers. By mentioning on the research Muhammad Azwan [ 6 ] , such research merely focused on the block 3 in S & A ; T edifice. From the work, block 3 has a two types of air-conditioning. The 1sttype of air-conditioning is centralized controlled by the hair-raiser. This type can be set automatically turn on and off. The 2neodymiumtype of air-conditioning is disconnected unit, these type can be controlled by manually. Each of schoolroom is fitted with type 1 and the offices with type 2 [ 6 ] . Besides that, harmonizing to the research Siti Nor Ayu [ 7 ] , â€Å"Energy Audit for Energy Efficiency at Facility Management Office in UiTM Shah Alam† was carried out 2 old ages ago. The edifice of the installation direction office in UiTM Shah Alam can be divided into 5 classs. This five classs office is under the installation direction and this all edifice comes from the one substation which are Pejabat Pengurusan Fasiliti ( PPF ) , Pejabat Pembangunan, Annex, Bahagian Khidmat Elektrikal dan Telekomunikasi ( BKET ) , Pembangunan dan Pengurusan Fasiliti ( ICT ) , Bilik Gerakan Krisis ( Cabin ) and Bendahari Zon 5. She found out that the entire energy used in UiTM is increasing every twelvemonth from the chief consumption since the establishment have big population. By mentioning on the research is conducted, she found that the energy ingestion can be reduced by implementing energy efficiency construct at the air conditioner, illuming, computing machines and other electrical contraptions. Besides that, she found that, the air conditoner is consumed the highest energy ingestion which is about 72 % of entire energy ingestion. So that, from this it can blow the electrical energy. She suggested to alter the gas from R22 gas to R22 cold gas. After iplementing this manner the energy ingestion by utilizing R22 cold gas for air conditioner is reduced [ 7 ] . 2.2ENERGY AUDIT Energy audit is an review or study and analysis and to place energy that been used in that edifice. Based on this energy audit, it is besides defined as the possible energy economy or energy direction [ 8 ] . Energy audit is one of the best methods to command the waste energy ingestion. Besides that, these energy audit is similar to fiscal accounting procedure, in which the procedure to analyze an energy history, look intoing the right manner energy is used and besides place which country can be minimized to cut down the wastage energy ingestion. 2.2.1Energy Audit Stages. These energy audit phases, can be categorized into two types that is, preliminary audit and inside informations audit. a )Preliminary Audit. Preliminary audit is the study based on the edifice. In other words, before the audit is performed, a complete checklist should be made. The list point must be considered in this audit energy includes:Lighting systemAir-conditioning SystemUtility measuresB )Detailss Audit. Detailss audit is carried out for the energy salvaging proposal recommended in preliminary audit. It will supply proficient solution options and economic analysis for the edifice direction to make up one's mind undertaking execution. A feasibleness survey will be required to find the viability of each option. 2.3Type OF TARIFF TNB USED Based on the duty TNB UiTM is classified in the commercial duty. The duty for commercial can be classified into two parts that is: Duty C1: Medium Voltage General Commercial. Duty C2: Average Voltage Peak/off-Peak Commercial. The whole edifice in UiTM Shah Alam used duty C1 but for the air conditioner duty C2 is used because the Air-Conditioner used the Thermal Energy Storage ( TES ) . 2.4Light System Lighting is one of the largest consumer of electricity in commercial edifice. About 41 per centum of electricity and 28 per centum of entire energy, consumed in the commercial sector is for illuming. In the residential sector, illuming energy usage is little though non fiddling, stand foring about 7 per centum of residential energy usage. Based on this fact, lighting is the major impact on energy in edifice or otherwise. A thorough study should be carried out to find the efficiency of the lighting system. This is, to obtain the lighting form agenda and to look into the lighting strength, so that it follows the Malaysians Standard ( MS-1525-2007 ) . 2.5AIR-CONDITIONER SYSTEM Air – conditioning can be defined as coincident mechanical control of temperature, humidness and air gesture. The chief map of all air –conditioning system is to supply thermic comfort for edifice residents. The system used for air-conditioner in the UiTM Shah Alam is the Thermal Energy Storage ( TES ) . Based on the duty TNB the TES system can be defined under the duty C2 that is, Medium Voltage Peak/off-Peak Commercial. Referred to the MS 1525:2007, the indoor design status of an air –conditioning infinite for comfort chilling should be as follows:Recommended design dry bulb temperature23?C -26?CMinimum dry bulb temperature22?CRecommended design comparative humidity55 % – 70 %Recommended air movement0.15 m/s – 0.50 m/sMaximum air movement0.70 m/s2.6VISUAL BASIC ( VB ) , GUI SOFTWARE In this undertaking, the package development is used as the measuring to analyze informations collected and to cipher the energy use of a edifice by utilizing GUI construct utilizing Visual Basic ( VB ) . This VB is the most popular and widely used programing linguistic communications available today. By this package, analysis can be done easy because the VB can associate the database with the Microsoft Excel and Access databases. By utilizing this VB it can besides back up a new scheduling technique called object – oriented scheduling ( OOP ) and traditional process – oriented programing [ 9 ] . Chapter3 Methodology 3.1FLOW CHART OF THE PROJECT Figure 3.1, shows the advancement of this undertaking from the beginning until this undertaking is completed. By mentioning this flow chart, it can be seen that this undertaking involves theoretical portion, practical portion and accomplishment to develop the package. In the theoretical portion, it deals with power quality of the system, energy direction and how to cut down the energy ingestion to increase the energy efficiency. Besides that, in practical portion it consists of walk through audit, informations aggregation and analysing the information by utilizing power analyser package by lading the information from equipment power analyser. The designation of country is the most of import portion, to find the chances of energy economy can run from simplest, such as illuming retrofits, to the most complex such as the installing of a substation. After the preliminary designation of chances, more clip should be spent on those which have shorter payback periods [ 10 ] . Furthermore, a reappraisal about Malayan Standard must be done. The MS 1525:2007 is the one guidelines for energy audit intents. The undermentioned stairss are involved in the informations aggregation:Walk-through audit. ( Determine the type of burden in the edifice concerned )Installing power analyser ( fluke’s metre ) at the DB of the specified edifice.Data aggregation for a certain figure of yearss including on the job yearss and weekends.Transfering the information into excel spreadsheet.Analyzing of informations collected.Last the Microsoft Visual Basic ( VB ) by implementing the GUI construct will be developed and cipher the energy use of the ed ifice. Figure 3.1: Flow Chart of the Undertaking.ActivitiesCalendar monthSeptember 2014October 2014November 2014December 2014January 2015February 2015March 2015April 2015May 2015June 2015July 2015MEET PROJECT SUPERVISORWEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4WEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4WEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4WEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4WEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4WEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4WEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4WEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4WEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4WEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4WEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4INITIAL PREPARATION FOR PROJECT TITLEPROPOSAL PREPARATION AND SUBMISSIONWEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4WEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4LITERATURE REVIEW AND PROJECT FINDINGWEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4WEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4WEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4WEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4Undertaking TESTING, EXPERIMENTAL, DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSISTechnical PAPER WRITING AND SUBMISSIONWEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4WEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4Undertaking PRESENTATIONWEEK 2DOCUMENTATION, THESIS WRITING AND SUBMISSIONWEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4WEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4WEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 4WEEK 1WEEK 2WEEK 3WEEK 43.2GANT CHART FOR THE PROJECT Chapter4 EXPECTED RESULT 4.0EXPECTED RESULT Based on this undertaking, the expected consequence is to see the energy pattern use and it’s besides to analyze the form of the burden profile during working daies and vacation in the edifice. The expected consequence will demo the sum of energy ingestion and the entire cost for the energy during workday and vacation. GUI construct can be implemented to be use friendly and synergistic. From the form of the energy use, entire cost and the burden form in that edifice can be estimated. It is hoped that we can propose practical thoughts and activities to cut down the energy ingestion. Decision As a decision, it is hoped that it can assist the direction or the installation to pull off their electricity more efficient. Based on this undertaking, it can reason that by the execution of energy efficiency patterns can cut down the energy ingestion without impacting the human comfort. From this undertaking it can see there are many factors and that contribute to wastage energy such as human behaviour, the life-time of the equipment, and the operating clip the burden. These factors can lend to the waste energy. By the implement action of the package it can easy scrutinize the energy ingestion for farther hereafter analysis. Mentions [ 1 ] Retrived from online: hypertext transfer protocol: // www.energystar.gov/supplementalload [ 2 ] Retrived from online: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.greentechmalaysia.my [ 3 ] Yudelson, Jerry, â€Å"Green Buildings Today, † Chapter 1, The Green Building Revolution, Island Press, 2008 [ 4 ] Wayne C.Turner, â€Å" Energy direction enchiridion † . School of industrial Engineering And Management, Oklahoma State University,1996. [ 5 ] Mohd Azrin Bin Abdul Aziz, â€Å"Energy Efficiency at UTEM FKE.pdf, † Energy Efficiency At FKE Administration Block UTEM. May 2009, p. 10, 2009. [ 6 ] Muhamad Azwan Bin Abdul Aziz, â€Å"Energy Audit in Block 3 in S & A ; T Tower towards Energy Efficiency in UiTM Shah Alam† Jun 2013, p. 8, 2013. [ 7 ] Siti Nor Ayu, â€Å"Energy Audit For Energy Efficiency At Facility Management Office In Universiti Teknologi Mara, Shah Alam† July 2012, p.9, 2012. [ 8 ] Abdelaziz E.A. , Saidur R. , Mekhilef S. , 2011, A reappraisal on energy salvaging schemes in industrial sector, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15: 150–68. [ 9 ] Norhayanie Roslan†Energy Saving Control System Application In Lecture Hall† November, 2008, p. 12, 2008. [ 10 ] Energy Audit Team â€Å"Energy Audit of Iit-Roorkee Campus† January 2010, p. 8, 2010.

Disease Trends and the Delivery of Healthcare Services Essay

Aging and obesity are two components of disease trends in the United States. Studies, reports, articles, and many other forms of information have been conducted or written to see just how these components of disease trends will influence the delivery of health care. If Americans keep indulging, we will be the largest country in the world, and that is not speaking geographically. Not since the beginning of man has the world had so many older people. There is a large percentage of elderly, more so than ever before. This has not always been the case. It is documented, in 1930, that America’s aged 45-64 numbered less than 5. % of the American population. This day and age if you had 8 people at least one of them is 65 or older. From 2000 to 2010 that age group grew to 26. 4 percent of the American population. By the 2030 there will be 72. 1 million older people in the U. S. This is caused because of the â€Å"Baby Boomers†, people born between 1946 and 1964, are coming of retirement age (Transgenerational, 2013). . Environmental factors of ageing play a large role in the majority of cases of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease; two diseases that are closely related to ageing. Exposure to toxic chemicals and other pollutants, diet, exercise, and socioeconomic stress can also play a large role on how ageing can be affected. The coming of the millenniums the aging population has become a major demographic trend in the United Sates. Improved health and longevity and declining fertility have had a growth spurt in the older populations dramatically. Here are some interesting facts. A swelling Population (Transgenerational, 2013) * For the first time in history, people aged 65 and over will soon outnumber children under the age of 5. Throughout the world today, there are more people aged 65 and older than the entire populations of Russia, Japan, France, Germany and Australia—combined. * By 2030, 55 countries are expected to see their 65 and older populations at least 20 percent of their total. * By 2040, the global population is projected to number 1. 3 billion older people—accounting for 14 percent of the total. * By 2050, the U. N. estimates that the proportion of the world’s population age 65 and over will more than double, from 7. 6% today to 16. 2%. As the number of the elderly increases, public health challenges increase. At least 80% of people over 65 years of age have a chronic health condition and at least 50% have two chronic health issues. Diabetes, affects close to one out of five persons over the age of 65. Diabetes causes increased morbidity and health care cost is increased. Diabetes will intensify as the population ages; with more people over the age of 70 having the largest increase. By 2050 we are looking at least 8. 6 million men and women over the age of 70 with diabetes. Alzheimer is another disease affected by ageing. As adults live longer the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease, also increases. Close to 10% of over 65 and close to 47% over 85 suffer from this degenerative and debilitating disease (Transgenerational, 2013). A chronic condition, such as arthritis, is another disease affected by ageing and is a huge cause of disability. As the elderly are living longer there are more complications related to health than most anything else related to ageing. Everyday new medications ad new technologies are being created and can be contributed to people living longer. However, what the body is like at 55 years is not the same as it is at 75 years. You do not heal as fast or as well, therefore the rehabilitation process will take longer and cost more. The most common condition touching those 65 and older is coronary heart disease, and then stroke, cancer, pneumonia and the flu (AgingCare, 2013). Hip fracture from falls is another common factor of health complication in the elderly. Many of the elderly have at least one of the following ailments not previously mentioned, and some with two or more: (AgingCare, 2013) * Breathing Problems * Depression * Incontinence (urine and stool) * Cancer * Eye problems (cataracts, glaucoma, Macular Degeneration) As the body gets older, other things to be aware of are: (AgingCare, 2013) * A slower response time, which is really important when assessing if a person can drive handle a vehicle. * Thinner skin, which can lead to breakdowns and wounds that don’t heal quickly * A declining immune system, which can make warding off viruses, bacteria and diseases difficult * Reduced sense of taste or smell, which can lead to reduced appetite and dehydration Current and future trends of obesity are not looking too promising for Americans. Americans are fat, and we lie about it. Most women say they do not weigh as much as they really do and both men and women say they are taller than they really, so the body mass index are not true rates, either (insidermonkey, 2010) If we continue with the current trends of the past 30 years, we could be looking at 100% of an overweight population. By 2048, all African-American women could be obese and at least 90% of all Hispanic men could obese, too. 100% of the population overweight is another story. Here are some interesting facts: (insidermonkey, 2010) * Non-Hispanic black people have the highest obesity rate of 36. 8%. Hispanics have an obesity rate of 30. 7% Non-Hispanic white people have an obesity rate of 25. 2%. * Other races, such as Asians, have the lowest obesity rate of 16. 7%. * The obesity rate of people aged 18-29 is 20. 3%. * The rate is 27. 8% for 30-39 age group, 29. 4% for 40-49 age group, 31. 1% for 50-59 age groups. The obesity rate declines slightly to 30. 9% for the 60-69 age groups * Those who manage to stay alive past the age of 69 have an obesity rate of 20. 5%. Obesity is one of the factors causing heart disease, stroke, and diabetes (insidermonkey, 2010). A large portion of people that are obese are also diabetic. Environment, behavior and biology are the ntricate interactions from Obesities end result. The current obesity epidemic is caused more by the environmental factors, such as a sedentary lifestyle, setting and watching TV or playing games, eating fatty high calorie foods, than the actual biological factors. People watching televisions are flooded with commercials showing all the comfort foods craved by the public. The convenience of a drive through restaurant is more appealing to some than the grocery store and cooking a healthy meal. The fast food we buy is packed in portion sizes that are way out of line with the federal recommendations. Moreover, the imbalance if calorie intake and physical expenditure has decreased in today’s lifestyle. Fighting the obesity epidemic requires environmental and social policy changes, mainly in the portion sizes, making healthful foods more readily available and promoting physical activity. Obesity is known as the plague of the 21st century. Obesity is beginning to be one of the â€Å"sensitive† issue in the U. S. and people are afraid to discuss the issue because political correctness. Statistics do not tell the true story and are grossly underestimated. There are parts of the U. S. hat the obesity rates are highest and that is the Midwest and the South; the home of fried chicken and potatoes and gravy. The obesity rates are the lowest on the West coast and the Northeast; obviously, a fish eating population. A fun fact; the US is biggest Big Mac consumer in the world (insidermonkey, 2010). It is agreed by the healthcare professionals that the more overweight a person is, the more likely they are to have health problems. Overweight or obese people are at higher risk for chronic diseases (WebMD, 2012). If a person’s weight is at 20% over the maximum healthy weight considered for their height, they are thought to be obese. Those at greatest risks for overweight/obesity related conditions include: (WebMD, 2012) * People with a family history who have had heart disease or diabetes are more likely to develop these problems if they are obese. * High blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, or high blood sugar levels are all warning signs of some obesity-associated diseases. * â€Å"Apple† shaped. People whose weight is mostly around their stomachs may be at greater risk of developing heart disease, diabetes or cancer than people of the same weight who are â€Å"pear-shaped† (they carry their weight in their hips nd buttocks) (WebMD, 2012). Obesity can cause your health to suffer tremendously. It is harder on your heart and all your organs. A few of the main health issues can be blood pressure, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, high cholesterol and an over-all metabolic syndrome, this is a combination of a your blood sugars, blood pressure, high cholesterol and high triglycerides (agingc are,2013). Caring extra weight on your body frame also can be contributed to osteoarthritis. Sleep apnea is another health complication that can be linked to obesity (agingcare, 2013). You over-all quality of life may not be as good as it could be if you were not obese. Some of these issues may be, depression, discrimination, physical discomfort, shame, and even social isolation (Mayo Clinic, 2012). In 2030, it is estimated the older generation is be 20% of the American population. As people age in the future they will enjoy longer lives and better health. Older people will also be more active than in past generation; if the percentage of the elderly can stay below the obesity levels. Having the number of aged increased, there will be an increase in health-care cost, too. Many elderly will be independent and take care of themselves but many will also depend on the care of long-term facilities. The issue with this can be that the number of working tax payers may decreased in relativity to the number elderly increase. So, we might see inadequate public resources and less people being able to formally care for the elderly. The obese population already have a large medical costs of obesity are as high as $147 Billion. On average, obese people have medical costs that are $1429 more than medical costs of normal weight people (insidermonkey, 2010). Getting older is something we have no control of. We do have the control to prevent ourselves from becoming obese. We have control over what we put in our mouths. We have control over how we treat our bodies. If we are obese in our younger years, there is a possibility that we won’t make to our older years. It would be nice to know in 2030 we are not going to have a nation of old fat people. How we treat our bodies and how we teach our children to treat their bodies will tell how we are going to age and what quality of life we are going to have.

Racism In Huck Finn Essay - 1082 Words

The conflict between society and the individual is a theme portrayed throughout Twains Huckleberry Finn. Huck was not raised in accord with the accepted ways of civilization. Huck faces many aspects of society, which makes him choose his own individuality over civilization. He practically raises himself, relying on instinct to guide him through life. As portrayed several times in the novel, Huck chooses to follow his innate sense of right, yet he does not realize that his own instincts are more moral than those of society. From the very beginning of Hucks story, Huck without a doubt states that he did not want to conform to society; quot;The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me... I got into my old†¦show more content†¦Later, when Huck makes it look as though he has been killed, we see how society is more concerned over finding Hucks dead body than rescuing his live one from Pap. This is a society that is more anxious about finding a dead body than it is in the safety of people. This situation prepares us for Huck’s need to escape from society. In Schremmer’s essay we see how Huck struggles for freedom from two families. He tries to stay away from getting quot;sivilizedquot; from Widow Douglass and tries to escape his father’s brutality. Later on in Chapter VI Pap kidnaps Huck and puts him in a cabin in the woods. We see how Huck prefers the freedom of the wilderness to the limitations and restrictions of society. quot;It was pretty good times up in the woods there, take it all aroundquot; (Twain 32). But when Huck feels Pap’s presence, is when we see how his feelings about being free in the wilderness change. The theme becomes even more evident once Huck and Jim set out, down the Mississippi in chapter VIII. Huck enjoys his adventures on the raft, quot;Nothing could be betterquot;(115), Huck thought. But only a few pages later the raft and Jim provide the same comforts. Nothing had ever sounded so good to him as Jims voice, and Huck felt quot;mighty free and easy and comfortable on the raftquot;(128). He prefers the freedom of the wilderness to the restrictions of society. Also, Hucks acceptance of Jim is a total defiance of society. Huck realizes thatShow MoreRelatedRacism In Huck Finn1867 Words   |  8 Pagessaid â€Å"Racism is taught in our society, it is not automatic.† Everyday, people come face to face with racist ideas. People see racists stereotypes and prejudices. Individuals experience struggles based on these stereotypes and prejudices. Society has formed its ideas, and beliefs on black people, and these ideas are passed from person to person, until an entire civiliza tion is aware of these ideas. Some believe these ideas are true, and others reject them. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, theRead More Huck Finn Racism Essay723 Words   |  3 PagesHuck Finn Racism The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a Mark Twain classic, wonderfully demonstrates pre-Civil War attitudes about blacks held by whites. Twain demonstrates these attitudes through the actions and the speech of Huckleberry Finn, the narrator, and Jim, Miss Watsons slave. These two main characters share a relationship that progresses from an acquaintance to a friendship throughout the novel. It is through this relationship that Mark Twain gives his readers the realizationRead More Huck Finn Racism Essay630 Words   |  3 Pages quot;To Be or not To Bequot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In extreme cases the book, Huckleberry Finn, has been banned from some schools because of the depiction of racial tension towards Jim, the black slave, in Huckleberry Finn. This story takes place at a time where slavery was considered moral. Blacks were considered inferior to whites, but Huckleberry challenges the notion that he was raised upon. Through Huckleberryamp;#8217;s adventures Twain expresses his challenge towards civilizationamp;#8217;sRead MoreEssay on Huck Finn And Racism867 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, the main character Huck, is able to look past conformist and the effects of his environment. Huck was born into a society that was supposed to hate black people. Huck was able to see good in a amp;#8216;niggeramp;#8217; , and further a healthy relationship with his slave, Jim. Huck is a very strong and smart person, although he isnamp;#8217;t learned, and can act ignorant from time to time. Mark Twain, many times makes Huck look like a non-admirableRead MoreEssay on Racism In Huck Finn2470 Words   |  10 Pages Racism in Huck Finn nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ever since it was written, Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn has been a novel that many people have found disturbing. Although some argue that the novel is extremely racist, careful reading will prove just the opposite. In recent years especially, there has been an increasing debate over what some will call the racist ideas in the novel. In some cases the novel has even been banned by public school systems and censored by publicRead More Huckleberry Finn ( Huck Finn ) - Racism Essay572 Words   |  3 PagesHuck Finn Racism Is Huck Finn A Racist Book? Ever since its publication over a hundred years ago, controversy has swarmed around one of Mark Twain’s most popular novels, Huck Finn. Even then, many educators supported its dismissal from school libraries. For post Civil-War Americans, the argument stemmed from Twain’s use of spelling errors, poor grammar, and curse words. In the politically correct 1990’s however, the point of argument has now shifted to one of the major themes of the book:Read MoreEssay on Analysis On Racism In Huck Finn2025 Words   |  9 Pagesfinished writing the novel in 1884, eight years after it was begun, he had produced The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, his greatest work and possibly on of the greatest works of American literature. With The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain attempted to illustrate his contempt for certain aspects of specifically pre-Civil War Southern society through the eyes of the innocent Huck Finn. However, his focus was not entirely on pre-War Southern society, for criticism of aspects of modern society asRead More Racism in Huck Finn Essay example3609 Words   |  15 PagesRacism in Huck Finn Kids are often exposed to books long before they are ready for them or exposed to them in a manner that seems almost calculated to evaporate whatever enthusiasm the student may bring to them. Very few youngsters of high school age are ready for The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Leaving aside its subtle depiction of racial attitudes and its complex view of American society, the book is written in a language that will seem baroque, obscure and antiquated to many young peopleRead More Huck Finn: The Twisting Tides Of Portrayal - Racism Essay731 Words   |  3 Pageshas been increasing discussion of the seemingly racist ideas expressed by Mark Twain in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In some cases, the novel has been banned by public school systems and even censored by public libraries. Along with the excessive use of the word, â€Å"nigger,† the basis for this blatant censorship has been the portrayal of one of the main characters in Huck Finn, Jim, a black slave who runs away from his owner, Miss Watson. At several points in the novel, Jims character is describedRead MoreShould the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Be Required in Shcool?983 Words   |  4 PagesAdventures of Huckleberry Finn be required in school? Mark Twain’s â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† is said to be one of the greatest American novels to ever be written and is what all other pieces of American literature are based off of. The novel has been debated for over an entire century and will continue to be debated for much longer. Never the less, Huckleberry Finn teaches young students and adults the important life lessons. †The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain should remain